Role of non-state providers of education in Pakistan: who chooses, who loses?

Non-state actors are a vital force in many education systems today, and their roles are dramatically evolving. Over the years, the role of non-state actors has gone broader, and their contribution is now recognized as far more than providing formal education. This current country study on Pakistan takes a step forward and reviews existing policies, literature and data and collects primary qualitative and quantitative data to analyze the diversity of roles played by non-state actors in provision, financing, regulations, promoting certain innovations in teaching, learning, management, and broader policy influence. Moreover, this report is useful in guiding the analysis on the efficacy of the non-state sector, education provision, financing, regulation, innovation and influence at all education levels, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.