This research report takes a closer look at the relationship between the physical conditions of the school environment and teaching and learning. The report draws on core primary (legislation, policy documents and demographic surveys) and secondary (books, articles, reports, and commentaries) sources to achieve two main purposes. Firstly, it consolidates the existing knowledge on how physical learning environments affect teaching and learning outcomes in the South African context. Secondly, it contributes broader and context-specific knowledge to existing evidence on the connection between school infrastructure and teaching and learning. The content of the report, therefore, will be a useful resource and advocacy tool for the basic education sector.