In this paper we examine gender differences in reading, science and mathematics performance as boys and girls approach the end of compulsory schooling in a wide range of countries as well as gender differences in career expectations, attitudes and motivation. We use data from the 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the most comprehensive study on student achievement at age 15 in reading, science and mathematics. PISA offers a unique opportunity to explore not only gender differences in achievement but also gender differences in career expectations and the attitudes and motivation of boys and girls. These are all factors which may lead to gender differences in outcomes while still at school, in the labour market and in overall levels of well-being.